Ampakines are a class of drugs that modulate neurotransmitters in the brain. One of the major neurotransmitters is glutamate, and a reduced level of glutamate-mediated excitatory stimulation has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, and a number of other diseases and disorders.

Neurotransmitters bind to proteins, called receptors, located on the surface of the receiving neurons. This binding then triggers subsequent cellular events in the receiving neurons. Ampakines influence the receptors. Ampakines enhance the functioning of a receptor, called the AMPA receptor, which plays a key role in memory formation and communication within and between different regions of the brain.

The hope and promise of ampakines is that they will produce cognitive benefits when used as drugs. There is research interest in memory enhancement, stroke therapy, Alzheimers treatment, sleep deprivation aid, and other therapeutic uses of ampakines. Several of these possibilities have been tested with positive results in preclinical models; preliminary clinical work has also been encouraging. Further, scientists feel that ampakines can change information encoding and organization in the brain.

Ampalex® has been shown in preclinical trials to be highly promising in improving cognitive function, and has been relatively free of serious side effects. More on the chemistry of ampakines.

Important neurotransmitters in regulating wakefullness and sleepiness include norepinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, histamine, and the neuromodulators hypocretin-orexins and adenosine. These affect the signal transduction in the brain.

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